Total complete noob help needed - Fire HD 6 and 7 Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting

OK, I just got an Amazon Fire HD 6 for free from a friend brand new so I figured this would be a great thing to learn rooting android and other things. No cost = no loss if I screw it all up.
Basically my goal is jut to root it to get it to be more like a regular old android tablet and not to have all the Amazon crap constantly running in the background sending all my info to Amazon every minute of every day. From reading here this seems possible. Please tell me if It's not.
Background:
I know quite a bit about PCs running Windows since 3.0 and have dabbled with Linux and Apache off and on over the years but I am by no means an expert. Advanced amateur might be better.
The tablet is running Fire OS 5.1.2. I don't know what it had when I first turned it on but I had no idea what I was going to do with it so I let it update itself until it got to the current 5.1.2.
I tried reading some of the tutorials but they seem way over my head as they seem to assume a knowledge of certain acronyms that I am not yet familiar with.
This is what I think I know so far. Please tell me if I'm wrong...
1. It is not possible to root 5.1.2. I probably should have left it at whatever it was when I got it which was probably 4.5.x.
2. Because of #1 above the only way for me to root this is to downgrade to 4.5.x.
Do I have that right so far? Because if I don't have at least that right then I am way off, so let's start there.
My goal would be for this thread to become a real "how to root your HD 6" for real total newbs like me. Step by step on what to download, from where, what is a TWRP what do you use it for, what is an ADB and what do you use it for, from turning the thing on to ending up with a nicely rooted tablet.

In case anyone else wants to know what happened and how I accomplished all, the answers are in page 6 of this topic ...
http://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/help/help-thread-question-noob-friendly-t3206776

Here is a full tutorial in one place...
First off these instructions are for the Amazon Fire HD 6 gen4 running Fire OS 5.1.2 only. Will it work on other things? Who knows. Will it work on another of the exact same tablet? I have no idea. Would it work on this same tablet if I had to do it over again? Could be ... but then again, ya never know. So proceed at your own risk. All I know is that it worked for me here today on this particular tablet at this time and I hope I never have to do it again.
All of these instructions can be found at the following link at about page 6 of that topic.
http://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/help/help-thread-question-noob-friendly-t3206776/page6
1: First I installed the USB driver from Amazon at the following link:
https://developer.amazon.com/appsan...etting-up-your-kindle-fire-tablet-for-testing
and then I downloaded the ADB SDK tools from links from this tutorial:
http://www.howtogeek.com/125769/how...roid-debug-bridge-utility/?PageSpeed=noscript
After enabling USB debugging on the device I had ADB ability.
2. Downloaded the Kingroot version 4.8.5 apk from here and ran it:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/android/apps-games/one-click-root-tool-android-2-x-5-0-t3107461
Let it go to town doing it's thing. Afterwards it claimed success and said that I was rooted.
3. Ran the following commands given by DoLooper from above xda post to disable OTA update:
Open a CMD window from folder with adb.exe by right clicking in that folder and holding down the shift key. Then run these commands one at a time:
adb -d shell "su -c 'pm disable com.amazon.otaverifier'"
adb -d shell "su -c 'pm disable com.amazon.device.software.ota'"
adb -d shell "su -c 'pm disable com.settings.systemupdates'"
Tried to rename OTA file from DoLooper instructions using Simple Explorer with root priviledges (not ES) - fail - does not seem to want to rename the file for some reason.
So at this point I was successfully rooted. But I basically had a virus running on my tablet called Kingroot . I checked using another app and I saw that it was constantly connected to China. Bad? I don't know but certainly does not making me feel all warm and fuzzy so next step was to get rid of Kingroot. Problem is that if you uninstall it it sets you back to unrooted default. So ... read on.
4. Installed Terminal Emulator for Android from http://www.apkmirror.com/
6. Uploaded the 4 files from the zip file from wolfdroid from second link in sd_shadow post in that same topic. Can be found here:
http://www.w0lfdroid.com/2015/05/How-to-Remove-Replace-KingUser-KingRoot-with-SuperSU.html
7. ran the 2 commands from wolfdroid website using terminal emulator.
This removed Kingroot and left me rooted. Then I found an updated version of SuperSU and updated it too. So now I have a tablet that is rooted and I can install apps that require root access. Also I was able to uninstall some Amazon apps, disable others and basically stop it from phoning home.

BTW, I didn't recommend disabling com.settings.systemupdates. They do this on the 2015 Fires, but I have not used it on either the 2014s or 2015.

Yes, I apologize. You are correct. You did not suggest that one. That one I did get from the other topic. However, I did it and I don't see any negative effects so far.
But you know more than I so is there any reason you could see toward not doing that one?

Related

[App]: ADB Root Hijack [ADB Runs as Root now]

Indirect is proud to present you with ADB Hijacker
Note: This modification will remove any custom clrbootcount.sh scripts
Alright, what this application does, is hijacks adb using a root version instead which means from now on, you can do "adb remount" and things like that. This comes with all the needed files within the app and it also extracts them so no worries!
After you run the app once and click that magical button then you can reboot and you will have adb autostart as root so you can even uninstall the app afterwards. As of now, we do not have automount killed. However: I learned that adb stays on even while in usb mode.
Download Link:
Here
Screenshots: Uploading
Benefits and change log:
Benefits:
Code:
You can now rerun the rooting script to apply whatever modifications you missed out on
You can now apply any mod using adb instead of file explorer
You can remount your system by just using "adb remount" instead of using a file explorer
Changelog:
Code:
2.0: Included needed files for extract / included busybox installer
1.0: Initial Release
Credits:
Code:
brianf21 for showing me how to extract files from an apk so now you can install directly from the app and nothing else is needed except root.
Nemith for the adb daemon
Myself for the app, hijack method, and testing
puellanivis from IRC for being terrible at communication and also help with a few of the commands
This one is mine as well.
damn you, I am taking this one for video! click comment for video
Firstly,
Thanks Indirect, you make my Nook a joy to use. Many thanks also to Albertwertz - your Youtube videos are helping a noob like me get up to speed with this Android experience.
Can't post this in the Developer thread (still under 10 posts) but there seems to be a problem running the nookandzergy.bat file whilst running the ADB Hijacker. I'm getting a dos error:
"Your device was found to be rooted. Which is bothersome. However: I will see if you happen to have the proper modification installed to continue to use this script:"
followed by
"goto was not expected at this time".
Having a quick look at the bat file I can't see where %adbr% is being set to "yes".
Update: After making sure adb hijack was running, I tweaked the batch file, forcing adbr=yes. The script then worked and allowed me to replace the SystemUI.apk to remove the B&N Home button. Not sure how Indirect intends to set the variable properly, but by adding:
set adbr=yes
above the line:
if %adbr%==yes goto N1
Allowed by to re-run the rest of the root process
Another thing I did notice when testing the script was that by selecting "N" to the "Do you want to replace the systemUI to have a perm back / menu button on status bar and have the N button goto home on first click?" question the script errors with a -N7 not found.
I am having the same problem. I followed the video that albert posted and even opened up the cmd line to double check my adb remout. Everything worked fine till i get:
"Your device was found to be rooted. Which is bothersome. However: I will see if you happen to have the proper modification installed to continue to use this script:"
followed by
"goto was not expected at this time".
I don't know if Nook&Zergy is setup to support the adbd hijack yet. But that is the most likely answer. Or in particular, you might not have the newest N&Z as well.
I also wanted to momentarily divert the thread, and mention that snowball-mod already includes this adb-hijack, so it is unnecessary to run it on snowball-mod. (However, Indirect worked with me to ensure that it wouldn't hose anything if you did.)
Before I ran nz, i downloaded the latest from Indirect's original root thread. If the updated one isn't using that link, then where do I find it?
Indirect and I were up kinda late last night working on this and he made several modification on my nook zergy extraction that he may have forgotten to make when he remade his and uploaded it for everyone. Here is a link to the mod he made of the latest nook zerg on my pc. This may have something that the new one doesnt that he forgot to do. I am sure he will fix the code soon, but until then, download and try this: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/24100179/Nookie/NookandZergy.bat
this is the nook zergy bat file he modified. copy it and replace the bat file in your new nook zergy extraction and see if it runs right with this app
This is only temporary, dont use this after he fixes it
That did the trick! Thanks Albert!
I just got my nook & I don't understand the programming that you are talking about. But if you both were up late working on the root script (assuming). Just an FYI once I finished w/ the driver loads & started loading the root script, my device wouldn't show up, did a factory reset 3 times, as well as removing any usb traces etc... finally got it to take & all the red stopped & never loaded in the gapps, launchers etc... I reloaded it again & it says that I am rooted, but having a heck of a time w/ Titanium doesn't want to accept any of the
devicemanager .apk stuff. Sorry for no tech terms, Indirect & Albert Thank you so much for making this easy. Loved the video, really helped a ton. Just wanted to say thanks & let you know of the glitch.
I got it loaded now it is not recognizing the sd card 4 Titanium. I have done several of your factory reset, as well as the b&n reset still nada even put in 4 different cards. Happy New Year & Thanks for any help
TRI
did this today, easy, took 5 minutes. Grateful for all this
I'm a little bit confused, my nook updated to 1.41, i've tried downloading adb hijacker to my nook, but it won't open, what am I doing wrong?
Edit: What exactly do I need to do to block the updates and allow my nook to use the android market again?
I'm a pathetic no0b, and I tried downloading the ADB hijacker to my nook, but it won't open. What do I need to do to fix this?
Thank you.
ETA the Nook updated the other day.
Indirect said:
Indirect is proud to present you with ADB Hijacker
Note: This modification will remove any custom clrbootcount.sh scripts
Alright, what this application does, is hijacks adb using a root version instead which means from now on, you can do "adb remount" and things like that. This comes with all the needed files within the app and it also extracts them so no worries!
After you run the app once and click that magical button then you can reboot and you will have adb autostart as root so you can even uninstall the app afterwards. As of now, we do not have automount killed. However: I learned that adb stays on even while in usb mode.
Download Link:
Here
Screenshots: Uploading
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
absolutely awesome!
Guys, this doesn't stop updates or is usable on the 1.4.1 update..it's a 1.4.0 modification that hijacks the adb daemon on the device.
Ok, but what do we do if we didn't get to it in time and the stupid thing updated to 1.4.1? Do we have to return the thing to factory settings and lose all our content?
I'm sorry for asking dumb no0b questions, but if there is a guide for what to do in this situation, I can't seem to find it here.
Thanks for all you do, all the experts here!
ETA I found what I was looking for, in the "Nook general" forum. sorry to waste space on this thread.
My mistake, I thought I would be able to apply the update that stops the ota's through this. Which thread has the method to allow me access to market again? (effectivly null n' voiding the 1.41)
nearlyno0b said:
Ok, but what do we do if we didn't get to it in time and the stupid thing updated to 1.4.1? Do we have to return the thing to factory settings and lose all our content?
I'm sorry for asking dumb no0b questions, but if there is a guide for what to do in this situation, I can't seem to find it here.
Thanks for all you do, all the experts here!
ETA I found what I was looking for, in the "Nook general" forum. sorry to waste space on this thread.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
^^^^^ Quoted for the sake of others ^^^^^
arkraven000 said:
My mistake, I thought I would be able to apply the update that stops the ota's through this. Which thread has the method to allow me access to market again? (effectivly null n' voiding the 1.41)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Below is a link to the information as to how to remove B&N 1.4.1 update and restore 1.4.0:
[Stock Firmware]Restore Barnes & Nobel Nook 1.4.0 from SDCard
ENJOY!

[Q] Rooting T-01D/ F-05D

Greeting,
It was heard that rooting T-01D are similar as F-05D.
I found a website regarding rooting F-05D, but I dont read Japanese, just want to know if anyone have tried the enclosed method to root T-01D?
or could anybody do the translation, since the terms become quite strange after using the online translators
The following link is ref. of rooting F-05D:
ttp://ayati.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2012/01/f-05droot-1d0b.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
The source code of T-01D have been provided also, but I have no idea how to use it and root the machine:
ttp://spf.fmworld.net/oss/t-01d/data/download.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
Thank you very much in advance?
Update of 4/4
the following t-01d rooting procedures is provided by Magimaster
Hello.
I am sending this pm regarding the translation for flashing the Fujitsu f-05d sold by Docomo in Japan. I cannot reply in the development section due to my low post count.
My phone is an f-05d. I do not have a t-01d but, according to the original rooting guide for the f-05d, the users are reporting success in rooting the t-01d as well.
I will not really translate for you. Rather, I will explain what I did to root my f-05d.
Here is a rough summary of the steps I followed:
For starters, you need to make sure that adb recognizes your phone when connected to the PC via USB. This means that you need to install the Android SDK and the USB driver for your t-01d by Fujitsu.
I had trouble getting adb to recognize my phone, as Window$ insisted in recognizing it as an USB drive. What I did, among other things, was:
In the phone settings, go to Applications > Development and check USB Debigging and Stay awake.
Install the Google USB Driver package, in the extras section of the Android SDK Manager.
With the phone connected to the PC, go to Window$ device manager > Universal Serial Bus Controllers and uninstall (use the delete key from your the keyboard) every mass storage device that appeared when my phone was connected. Disconnect and reconnect the usb cable.
Only until I did this final step was my phone recognized and listed as Android Phone > Android Composite ADB Interface in the device manager. If your device is not recognized, you just cannot continue. Look for help about this, or else you cannot move on with this method of rooting.
Confirm that your phone is recognized as Android Phone > Android Composite ADB Interface in the Window$ device manager. Do not continue until it is.
From the Android SDK manager, install the package android sdk platform-tools.
You need download F05Droot.zip from the original blog page your linked before. I will not link to the file directly, but you should have no problem finding it. Extract the files within into the program directory \Android\android-sdk\platform-tools (this is my path).
You need to download a replacement for the file lsm_disabler.ko that is inside the F05Droot.zip. Get it from here and extract it an replace the one inside the platform-tools directory.
By the way, this platform-tools directory is the one that has the adb executable file. Just a heads up.
You need to download su. I cannot tell you where to get it. I just do not know where I got mine from, but was easy so go for it When you have it, extract it and put it in the platform-tools directory.
Confirm that the platform-tools directory includes these files:
Code:
adb.exe
AdbWinApi.dll
AdbWinUsbApi.dll
su
lsm_disabler.ko
f05dsu.bat
There will be more, but these are the ones needed for this to work.
Now, get ready to root. Connect your phone to the PC.
Go to your phone settings > setting my body > step/activity counter app > pedometer use and confirm it is checked on.
In the platform-tools directory, look for f05dsu.bat and run it. A DOS window will open. This is the funny part. Unless you are doing this from a Japanese version of Window$, or from a Window$ with Japanese locale active, you will see a lot of strange symbols instead of Japanese characters... which would be the same for almost anyone anyway Regardless, you will see a prompt to Press any key to continue . . .. At this point, you do not need to do anything on your phone, other than visually checking that the check mark on the pedometer is set.
On the DOS window press any key, your will see more garbage and another prompt to press any key. This is the important part. See if you can find among all those symbols this pattern: OFF/ON. If you do see it, it means we are on track.
Now that you were able to see the OFF/ON, go to your phone and uncheck the pedometer (OFF) and check it again (ON).
In the DOS window, press any key. Your phone will reboot. The message in the DOS window says that you must wait for the phone to boot up and for Window$ to recognize your usb connection to the phone.
When/if your phone is recognized by Window$, go to the DOS window and press any key.
Again, press any key and your phone will reboot.
The DOS window has a message indicating that you must now install superuser and busybox. When your phone reboots, go to the android market and install from there when you have the time.
You can now close the DOS window because, unless there was any error, you are now rooted, my friend
From the market, install a terminal, or an app that includes a terminal. I use Rom Toolbox because it has a terminal and scripts to mount the /system as rw.
Open whatever terminal you chose and, at the $ prompt type su
If new prompt is #, type soff
You will need to run these commands every time before trying to mount /system as rw.
That is all. I hope you can root your phone.
Just a petition, post this message in the forums, as it may help others who have similar difficulties. It sure could have helped me if someone had done before me.
Have a nice one and please forgive my English.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
update 15/4
On 13/4 finally i got my phone rooted
I have to run f05droot.bat instead of f05dsu.bat
After I have run the f05dsu.bat, for the steps, no error popout.
then I open the terminal type su, it reply me "permission denied".
I know it is not successful, after several run, the situation still the same.
after that have checked the contents of f05droot.bat and f05dsu.bat.
They are very similar but the f05droot.bat will push the superuser and busybox into the device at the same time.
(so I added those files in the directory \Android\android-sdk\platform-tools )
Therefore, i tried that and its works finally.
I feel really exciting at that moment.
I hope this post can help they T-01d user to root the phone.
personally I really like this phone ^~^
the su file is also important
Anyone try it? Does it work?
I have got the source code from its web
But I dont know how to use that and lead me to root the machine
ttp://spf.fmworld.net/oss/t-01d/data/download.html
Can you post a review of this device?
redcarrot said:
Greeting,
It was heard that rooting T-01D are similar as F-05D.
I found a website regarding rooting F-05D, but I dont read Japanese, just want to know if anyone have tried the enclosed method to root T-01D?
or could anybody do the translation, since the terms become quite strange after using the online translators
The following link is ref. of rooting F-05D:
ttp://ayati.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2012/01/f-05droot-1d0b.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
The source code of T-01D have been provided also, but I have no idea how to use it and root the machine:
ttp://spf.fmworld.net/oss/t-01d/data/download.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
Thank you very much in advance?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you have time, can you please post a mini review of the device? I wanted to buy one too and I'm quite excited reading your review!
Thanks and more power!
Here is the mini review
Screen color is perfect except black and accurate. Speed is good in comparing with SGS2. Battery life is similar to SGS2. Form factor is better than SGS2. Camera is outstanding, thanks to the 1.3MP camera. Waterproofing design is what I like. The bad is upgrading is only possible in Japan. Digital TV is useless. Sound level is a bit low.
personally i like this phone very much especially the outlook.
my personal review is the following:
1. same as above the screen is perfect
2. the camera is also excellent
3. while you have a phone call, it change mode automatically depends on the environment
4. if i switch off all the data things, this phone can stand more than one day
(so i wont blame the battery, because I think we use too many network related stuffs)
5. i have to admit that the firmware is not quite stable (fortunately the phone can be upgrade to 4.0 after july)
for the rooting process, it seems like someone has success:
(i think that is temp root)
search "T-01D 軟解, tofu-keitai" in google (that is chinese unfortunately)
redcarrot said:
Greeting,
It was heard that rooting T-01D are similar as F-05D.
I found a website regarding rooting F-05D, but I dont read Japanese, just want to know if anyone have tried the enclosed method to root T-01D?
or could anybody do the translation, since the terms become quite strange after using the online translators
The following link is ref. of rooting F-05D:
ttp://ayati.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2012/01/f-05droot-1d0b.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
The source code of T-01D have been provided also, but I have no idea how to use it and root the machine:
ttp://spf.fmworld.net/oss/t-01d/data/download.html
(should be "http" rather than "ttp")
Thank you very much in advance?
Update of 4/4
the following t-01d rooting procedures is provided by Magimaster
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It really work!~
I rooted my T-01D with this method!
And it's permanent root!!
Many thanks!~
hi HaoyuWen,
i have followed the steps, when i type su in the terminal simulator, it comes out segmentation fault su, do you have any idea.
I use titanium backup to check and it said my t-01d is not rooted.
for the pedometer on/off things, do i need to press the home key and go back to the pedometer to do the switch?
Thank you very much in advance
HaoyuWen said:
It really work!~
I rooted my T-01D with this method!
And it's permanent root!!
Many thanks!~
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
So both F-05D and T-01D can use this ?
yes, but i havnt got that work yet.
just want to know when I get the device rooted, will the device screen shows the device is rooted?
finally i got my phone rooted
you have to run f05droot.bat instead of f05dsu.bat
the su file is also important
redcarrot said:
yes, but i havnt got that work yet.
just want to know when I get the device rooted, will the device screen shows the device is rooted?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You can install a root checker to see
^ Please update it on the front page
Gonna get mine soon, so excited to hear this
wth_is_life said:
You can install a root checker to see
^ Please update it on the front page
Gonna get mine soon, so excited to hear this
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think I brick my T-01D. Don' know why, I do exactly the same what I have been told here... Now It ends up infinite boot loop
Anybody help me please?
Hey there everyone, sadly this guide isn't working for me. Everything in the guide goes smoothly and I do exactly what is listed but after my phone reboots the final time I still have no root access. I run f05droot.bat instead of f05dsu.bat like the user said but to no avail, I even ran f05dsu.bat and still nothing.
Anyone else have trouble? Maybe it is because I am on a certain FW? I am on 2.3.5
Baseband Version C_L1_M23
Kernel version: 2.6.35.7 [email protected] #1
and Build number is V43R41C
Just wondering as I really want root to disable all of these RAM-hogging default applications.
Bump? Anyone?
As far as I know, this rooting method cannot be done on FW V43R41C.
Sent from my SC-01D using Tapatalk 2
kinchung said:
As far as I know, this rooting method cannot be done on FW V43R41C.
Sent from my SC-01D using Tapatalk 2
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Aw Thanks for the notice, of course it's my firmware. Any idea about ICS? It was supposed to come out in July but yeah..
I don't know about ICS for t-01d. My sc-01d has been already upgraded to ICS, the performance is improved a lot. sh-01d also gets ICS today.
Sent from my SC-01D using Tapatalk 2
kinchung said:
I don't know about ICS for t-01d. My sc-01d has been already upgraded to ICS, the performance is improved a lot. sh-01d also gets ICS today.
Sent from my SC-01D using Tapatalk 2
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I see, I read about the T-01D (among many others) getting updated from articles like this: http://forums.hardwarezone.com.sg/e.../docomo-update-ics-4-0-18-models-3662812.html
I'm sure the T-01D would perform pretty awesome and maybe pre-installed software would not be as big a deal as it is now. Maybe since your SH-01D is getting updated, T-01D isn't far behind. The only thing I have to see is if I can update out of Japan.
I don't have sh-01d but galaxy tab 10.1 sc-01d instead. My t-01d also upgraded to V43R41C last month during visiting Japan. Upgrade of t-01d may not be possible outside Japan as Software Update cannot be executed without docomo sim and network.
Sent from my SC-01D using Tapatalk 2

[Q] Pyle PTBL102BCD tablet has only partial ROOT

Have a strange one I don't know how to fix. Purchased a Pyle PTBL102BCD tablet for the Mrs. to use basically as an ebook reader (according to About, running 4.2.2). When it came in I started sideloading apps to prepare it for her (I do not have a Google account), and searched on the Net about rooting the device. Found a one-click that worked with a different Pyle tablet, so I gave it a shot.
Now I have root access _only_ through the adb shell. None of the apps (including Superuser.apk itself as tested by updating /system/bin/su) can get root access, yet I have no problem running root through an adb shell - remounted file systems, even performed an su which is the only instance Superuser.apk's log shows. Root access in the shell remains between reboots, so it's not a temporary root.
If the adb shell has root, I _should_ be able to use it to grant access to everything else, and I've followed a few different "manual" root instructions (having different permission settings for su and busybox), with no joy. So long as I connect with a USB cable and type on the Windows machine, I'm god. On the tablet itself...not so much.
I hope that someone with a more intimate knowledge of Android internals can point me in the right direction for achieving root completely. Currently have Titanium Backup and ConnectBot (long java errors when I attempt to su there) installed to test root, Superuser v3.1.3 and su v3.1.1. Permissions on su are -rwsr-sr-x. And the human is confused.
Did you get anywhere with this? I have the same problem. What one-click did you use?
mfurlend said:
Did you get anywhere with this? I have the same problem. What one-click did you use?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Side note; REALLY hate the new forum software. With all the untrusted Google and Amazon javascript (which my company firewalls), it's a pain for me to even log in let alone post replies. (And I wonder if I'm the only person in the world sick to death of all the unnecessary ajax garbage...)
Anywho, used Kingo, rooted and unrooted a few times, until I finally acquired complete root on the thing. Once I did, I could run Samba, and once that worked, I could more easily transfer files and apks to the tablet.
Still don't understand why it was left in such a...weird...state - having root by default in adb is just a scary thing!
thanks for the information. I tried doing that but I encountered various problems. Eventually, after trying to do it manually, I totally screwed up the device. Now it won't boot.. I still have access to adb. I need to flash this thing. Do you know what the stock ROM is?
mfurlend said:
Do you know what the stock ROM is?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No...I can give you the Kernel version info (3.0.36+ [email protected] #48) and build number (rk3168_k11_4.2.2_v20131230), but other than that no clue.

Fire TV Stick Downgrade/Firestarter 3.2.2/Root Guide

Hello ive not done any guides before but since i had to search all over to try find out what i was looking for and stumbled across a lot of good information and thought id share it. None of this was my findings but there isn't anything clear on how to actually accomplish this on a Fire stick.
Im going to attempt to share how i have managed.
This guide assumes you already know how to transfer files to your stick.
First off, current Fire stick os is 5.2.1.0 and is rootable with Kingoroot.
https://root-apk.kingoapp.com
1. Download Kingoroot and ADB to your Fire stick, do this whichever way you normally get apk/files onto your Fire stick.
2. Download Kingoroot superuser and ADB to your Fire stick.
3. Run the Kingoroot tool and let it finish, when you have root, install Kingo roots Superuser. (If you install this before rooting it wont make any difference).
Now you should have a rooted Fire stick on 5.2.1.0 with Kingoroots SuperUser.
Now its time to downgrade your Fire stick. This file was provided by AFTVnews over at another thread and cuki3r3k83bln accomplished downgrade on the thread also so please leave thanks for them as before he posted the file and information i had no idea it was possible. Im suggesting to download the 5.0.5 file as i did because this was when firestarter worked with home button detection.
Download Fire Stick os 5.0.5
http://amzdigitaldownloads.edgesuit...te-kindle-montoya-54.5.3.7_user_537174420.bin
Once you have it downloaded rename the downloaded file to update.bin.
Im going to explain how i did it, i know there is many other variations on how to accomplish this and im not too familiar with adb commands but the way i will show is the way it worked for me.
We need to transfer the downloaded and renamed update.bin to the Fire stick so if you would like to transfer it with apps to fire or through command or any other variation thats fine but ill show commands used from windows laptop using adbLink.
Please note, if your using a different method to transfer you will have to slightly modify step 5 on where your update.bin is stored so cd /sdcard/download. if your update.bin is stored in download folder.
Another note is to make sure your file name is correct, mine was named update.bin.bin rather than update.bin this was fine just make sure to name it correctly or you will have to modify step 6 and step 8.
1. Open up adbLink and connect your device.
2. Push the update.bin to the sdcard. (this takes quite alot of time as your pushing 311mb file so be patient)
3. Once pushed you need to open up ADB Shell.
4. Run the command: su
5. Run the command: cd /sdcard
6. Run the command: mv ./update.bin /cache/
If you get an error about no space on device do the following:
Run the command rm -f /cache/*.bin
Run the command rm -f /cache/*.zip
Run the command exit
Run the command exit then reopen ADB Shell in adbLink repeat step 6.
7. Run the command cd /cache/recovery
8. Run the command echo --update_package=/cache/update.bin > command
9. Run the command reboot recovery
Your Fire stick should automatically start the downgrade and take 10 minutes or so.
As soon as its finished go back to your Kingoroot app and re-root your Fire stick. Then block updates (method 1) using AFTVnews guide at:
http://www.aftvnews.com/how-to-block-software-updates-on-the-amazon-fire-tv-or-fire-tv-stick/
You should now be on 5.0.5 rooted and have updates blocked
All your apps should be still intact. Make sure you uninstall appstarter/firestopper and reinstall firestarter 3.2.3 (if you use it)
Then follow AFTVnews guide on how to re-enable it here:
http://www.aftvnews.com/how-to-cont...v-and-fire-tv-stick-software-version-5-0-5-1/
Please give the credit deserved to @AFTVnews.com and @cuki3r3k83bln
Its suggested all over to hold off before doing anything that could brick the device until rbox releases a recovery.
Please do not use any type of Su modifying tool/script/apk eg: SuperSume as these do not work and you will end up with a small brick.
Also its been pointed out to me by @deanr1977 that if your going to use this guide and decide to update Fire Stick os in the future, it maybe safer to unroot it first.
With that out of the way please excuse the bad layout of the guide as im no expert and would like to just share my experience.
Would I be able to go back to 5.2.1.0 once custom recovery and rom is released?
FireTho1 said:
Would I be able to go back to 5.2.1.0 once custom recovery and rom is released?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i cant see any reason why not, either grab the 5.2.1.0 .bin file and follow the guide using that or let it automatically update after re-enabling updates.
Are there any reasons for downgrading to 5.0.5? Does it have any advantages?
Bierfreund said:
Are there any reasons for downgrading to 5.0.5? Does it have any advantages?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
As far as im aware upto now, it seems that Firestarter home button detection works as it should, and firmware after this Firestarter will not work with home button detection.
Which is a big thing for me personally as i only use Firestick for netflix and kodi and its much easier to launch from within Firestarter.
Its good to know that the process of upgrading/downgrading is applicable to Fire stick as you never know what Amazon will try to take from you.
You sir are my hero. Kudos for the tutorial!
sconnyuk said:
i cant see any reason why not, either grab the 5.2.1.0 .bin file and follow the guide using that or let it automatically update after re-enabling updates.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Its not recommended to let it auto update from root, unroot first then re-enable the update progress.
Also please can you note in your guide that its not recommended to try to swap the Su for Chainfires Su with the Super Sume or Super Sumepro app because so many people on this forum have bricked with this method & if any new users try your way & after want to unroot/swap method after the first boot they could have a non working device.
Ive not tried this guide myself (i dont need too) but if its working fine this info would be good to have here.
deanr1977 said:
Its not recommended to let it auto update from root, unroot first then re-enable the update progress.
Also please can you note in your guide that its not recommended to try to swap the Su for Chainfires Su with the Super Sume or Super Sumepro app because so many people on this forum have bricked with this method & if any new users try your way & after want to unroot/swap method after the first boot they could have a non working device.
Ive not tried this guide myself (i dont need too) but if its working fine this info would be good to have here.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Fair point about pointing out about the brickable and dangerous su swapping methods with supersu me etc.
I will add a mention about it after the line that reads:
'Its suggested all over to hold off before doing anything that could brick the device until rbox releases a recovery.'
As for not recommended to auto update while rooted, ive had 2 sticks and a Fire Tv 2 auto update from 5.0.5 to 5.0.5.1 and then to 5.2.1.0 when my router was reset, (im sure im not the only one from what ive read either).
But since im a helping type of guy ill add this also.
Ok mate, just going by what's been said from the AFTVNews & Amazon Firestick forums. Glad you are including this thanks, Its just some only skim through the threads & read only the parts they want to so if this is included it may cut down on the "I've bricked my Amazon device please help threads" which clog up the forum.
Sent from my SM-G900F using Tapatalk
i'm trying to downgrade to the point where display mirroring worked on windows devices, this is before 5.0.5, can i use this method to downgrade to another bin before 5.0.5?
sins07 said:
i'm trying to downgrade to the point where display mirroring worked on windows devices, this is before 5.0.5, can i use this method to downgrade to another bin before 5.0.5?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Id take a stab and say if your stick originally came with a firmware below 5.0.5 but I honestly do not know as ive not tried but I cant see why it wouldnt work. You can go from 5.2.1.0 to 5.0.5.1 or to 5.0.5 so id imagine so.
What features have been removed by 5.0.5? Im interested myself and may try this myself if there is features I could use.
Amazing! I can't believe this was hard to find as all the news out there say you can only root the stick using a hardware mod.
I downgraded and rooted both my Sticks. Installed Firestarter 3.2.3, installed Seeder, removed unneeded processes from running and these things are super quick now. You still have to load the crappy slow Amazon launcher to keep the settings but oh well. Nicely done, now I hope a recovery option comes out and I can mess around further . Heatsink and overclocking anyone? lol
@vulcan4d recovery & prerooted rom is being worked on at the moment by rbox in this forum
Sent from my SM-G900F using Tapatalk
vulcan4d said:
Amazing! I can't believe this was hard to find as all the news out there say you can only root the stick using a hardware mod.
I downgraded and rooted both my Sticks. Installed Firestarter 3.2.3, installed Seeder, removed unneeded processes from running and these things are super quick now. You still have to load the crappy slow Amazon launcher to keep the settings but oh well. Nicely done, now I hope a recovery option comes out and I can mess around further . Heatsink and overclocking anyone? lol
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can I ask what processes you removed/stopped and how you accomplished this?
Id like to do the same on 2 of my sticks.
sconnyuk said:
Can I ask what processes you removed/stopped and how you accomplished this?
Id like to do the same on 2 of my sticks.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I would like to give credit to this post for removing unneeded services:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-tv/help/root-disabling-apps-services-bloat-t3325333
I only found a few from the list but that list was meant for a Fire TV so I'm sure there is more running. Just launch ADB Shell in ADBFire/Link and type pm disable <service_name>
vulcan4d said:
I would like to give credit to this post for removing unneeded services:
http://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-tv/help/root-disabling-apps-services-bloat-t3325333
I only found a few from the list but that list was meant for a Fire TV so I'm sure there is more running. Just launch ADB Shell in ADBFire/Link and type pm disable <service_name>
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks ive disabled them as per the guide you linked to. Can I further ask what the program seeder does and whether to have it set to aggressive or not?
Thanks for the info.
@sconnyuk i've downgraded successfully kingo root'ed stick 5.2.1->5.0.5 . But funny thing was under root shell command "wipe data " .It wiped device clean but root still stays on . Got OTA disabled and my other king root 5.0.5 stick will have similar treatment .
nicefile said:
@sconnyuk i've downgraded successfully kingo root'ed stick 5.2.1->5.0.5 . But funny thing was under root shell command "wipe data " .It wiped device clean but root still stays on . Got OTA disabled and my other king root 5.0.5 stick will have similar treatment .
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You will need to unroot it for root to go.
Kingoroot has the option to do this if its what you want.
You need mouse toggle for fire tv to navigate to the 'in app' menu icon if not plug fire stick into pc and run Windows version of Kingoroot to unroot.
Interesting, I just bought a 3rd Amazon stick to root. After running KingRoot, I've noticed I did not need to install KingUser at all. If you launch KingRoot again it allows you to launch KingoUser which is the same thing. I'm assuming that KingUser is just an updated version of what KingRoot already installs.
Sconnyuk, I checked all the boxes and chose Moderate. This was also mentioned in the XDA forums however sadly I cannot find the post anymore. Seeder is an application that has been around for a while which improves the response time on Android devices. There is a lot of technical details into how it works, but the point is the Amazon stick is not the fastest thing in the world and anything helps. Give it a try and see for yourself.
sconnyuk said:
Id take a stab and say if your stick originally came with a firmware below 5.0.5 but I honestly do not know as ive not tried but I cant see why it wouldnt work. You can go from 5.2.1.0 to 5.0.5.1 or to 5.0.5 so id imagine so.
What features have been removed by 5.0.5? Im interested myself and may try this myself if there is features I could use.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Miracast display mirroring became non-compliant with windows systems, it still works fine with android.

Fire HD 6 - 5.3.1.1 - How to root correctly?

Hello Fire users
I am not really a newbie but until today I have worked only with Samsung devices.
My daughter got an Fire HD 6 in the christmas days and we started to play around and we have done all updates up to 5.3.1.1. But it's not running perfectly for my wishes. I have read thats it's possible to root the tablet incl. TWRP, xposed framework and go with this up to 5.3.1.1 but it's hard to read out what I have exactly to do because there are many warnings when to do something and when not.
Could you please help what to do exactly? ADB is running and phone is recognizing on Mac and Windows...
Thanks for your help ?
cuki3r3k83bln said:
Hello Fire users
I am not really a newbie but until today I have worked only with Samsung devices.
My daughter got an Fire HD 6 in the christmas days and we started to play around and we have done all updates up to 5.3.1.1. But it's not running perfectly for my wishes. I have read thats it's possible to root the tablet incl. TWRP, xposed framework and go with this up to 5.3.1.1 but it's hard to read out what I have exactly to do because there are many warnings when to do something and when not.
Could you please help what to do exactly? ADB is running and phone is recognizing on Mac and Windows...
Thanks for your help
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
From latest news, OS 5.3.1 can't be rooted(directly). You'll need to downgrade to 4.5.3, root, and go back to 5.3.1 as explained here
If you want to feel android experience, you can either install custom launcher and Play Store from here or just totally install Cyanogenmod 11 from here
Killa8 said:
From latest news, OS 5.3.1 can't be rooted(directly). You'll need to downgrade to 4.5.3, root, and go back to 5.3.1 as explained here
If you want to feel android experience, you can either install custom launcher and Play Store from here or just totally install Cyanogenmod 11 from here
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
@Killa8, as I mentioned HERE in more detail, the procedure for downgrading to 4.5.3 doesn't appear to be explained in the linked tutorial. Any help would be greatly appreciated! I'm trying to root and install CM on my daughter's tablets as they find Android to be far more intuitive than FireOS. Many thanks!!!
Downgrade to 4.5.3 and root as seen here (skip step 1): https://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/general/how-to-downgrade-to-4-5-3-root-device-t3139351
Jump down to the 2nd post here: https://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/general/how-to-upgrade-to-lollipop-root-gapps-t3163950 and install TWRP on your device.
Then go to post 1 where it says "1) boot into TWRP, and, in a single session (!!!!!)" and follow the directions. MAKE SURE YOU USE THE RIGHT BOOTLOADERS!!
Enjoy rooted FireOS 5.3.1
RadRacer said:
Downgrade to 4.5.3 and root as seen here (skip step 1): https://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/general/how-to-downgrade-to-4-5-3-root-device-t3139351
Jump down to the 2nd post here: https://forum.xda-developers.com/fire-hd/general/how-to-upgrade-to-lollipop-root-gapps-t3163950 and install TWRP on your device.
Then go to post 1 where it says "1) boot into TWRP, and, in a single session (!!!!!)" and follow the directions. MAKE SURE YOU USE THE RIGHT BOOTLOADERS!!
Enjoy rooted FireOS 5.3.1
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you for this! I was having the same issue as the OP and this solved it.:good:
geoyou said:
Thank you for this! I was having the same issue as the OP and this solved it.:good:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can you tell me how you installed TWRP? the 2nd post of the page is confusing to me.
NVM i found a video tutorial
I've seen too many threads mentioning 5.3.1 and implying that 5.3.1.1 is the same.
Even if that is the case, all the tutorials I have read left me scratching my head at various points. So here is a walkthrough of what I just went through to root my Kindle fire HD 6
It's now running 5.3.1.0 and will stay there for the time being (unless I can get solid answers on 5.3.1.1).
I started with this tutorial thread but I found it easy to make mistakes and I ended up bricking my device (fortunately the unbrick iso is very good and the tutorial video is excellent).
So here is my procedure. Doing this on Windows is probably less involved thanks to the bat file in one of the steps.
Start by getting the stuff you will need together.
You will need ROMs from here.
Specifically, the 4.5.3 and 5.3.1.0 ROMs.
The 4.5.3 file name is update-kindle-20.4.5.3_user_453011120.bin
The 5.3.1.0 file name is update-kindle-20.5.5.2_user_552153420.bin
Note: The version number on that second file makes no sense to me, and I made a mistake trying to flash the wrong one in TWRP. Here is the correct name for reference. You might change the file names to reflect the version number.
Go ahead and change the extension of the 5.3.1.0 bin file to zip instead. TWRP will need it this way.
Download the stock recovery image. There is a link at the bottom of the second post in the tutorial thread I linked above. Or you can just click here.
Grab the WindowsAutoTWRP_v03.zip from the tutorial thread (or click here).
It has the Windows ADB executable and drivers in it so it will save you some hassle on a Windows machine.
For Macs, I found a video from RootJunkie.com that linked to tools at http://rootjunkysdl.com/files/?dir=Adb%20Fastboot%20Files. I was able to do everything from my Mac with these.
As a side note, the video I found these on was https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv0VcNM8IAw, but it's not important to watch.
It will help to gather zips and APK files you will need right now as well.
Get a copy of ES file explorer, Kingroot (I used the APK, but if you have a windows system, it might be easier to use the Windows version instead), and an android launcher of some sort.
For additional images, you will need the following:
From the tutorial thread: make_space_v02.zip
Supersu.zip linked at https://download.chainfire.eu/696/SuperSU/UPDATE-SuperSU-v2.46.zip
Xposed which if you follow the link from the tutorial through the forum thread should lead you here: http://dl-xda.xposed.info/framework/sdk22/arm/. I grabbed xposed-v87-sdk22-arm.zip
flash Pico (Uni) GAPPS for 5.1 which again, if you follow all the links, will take you here: https://basketbuild.com/filedl/devs?dev=osm0sis&dl=osm0sis/gapps/tk_gapps-modular-pico%28uni%29-5.1.1-20150920-signed.zip.
Make sure you have all the files gathered in one place, it's really helpful.
If you are using a Mac, you will also need Android File Transfer at https://www.android.com/filetransfer/.
Something optional that might help is a USB OTG cable or one of those USB drives that support USB OTG with its own micro USB connector. It's not necessary but it might help if you need to get files to your tablet in TWRP.
At this point, I'm going to go into Mac instruction mode. If you know that the Windows command prompt is sort of like the terminal application on OS X, that you don't use ./ path specifies on windows, etc, you should be able to come up with some
Once you have everything in place, shut down your Kindle Fire 6.
On your computer, open a terminal window and get to where you unzipped your ADB tools.
The simple way is to type cd followed by a space then drag the folder with your tools from finder to the terminal widow so you get something like cd /users/me/abd
The actual path will be dependent on your system.
This terminal window should remain open for the entire process. It will make life easier.
Hold volume up and turn the Kindle Fire on. You should enter recovery.
Back at your computer type ./adb devices
Your kindle should show up there. When it does, go back to your tablet and select "apply update from ADB".
Then, from the terminal, enter ./adb sideload 4.5.3 file name is update-kindle-20.4.5.3_user_453011120.bin
If you just type ./adb sideload then drag the file into the terminal window, it will fill the name and path out for you.
Note that this all seems kind of like the video I linked above but we are downgrading to 4.3.5 instead as the tutorial thread says we should.
Once that's done, you end up back at the recovery screen. I went ahead and did a wipe data/factory reset. I don't know if this is necessary though.
When you get into 4.5.3, you need to shut down wifi if you are not prompted through new device setup.
If you are prompted, just skip it.
You may need to enable debugging. Go to setting, device options, find the serial number field and tap it 7 times.
Open the now revealed developer console and toggle "enable ADB" so it's on.
Install the APKs you downloaded earlier.
Use ./adb install <name of ES file explorer apk>
If you're on Windows, you can go ahead and run the Windows root util.
If you are on a Mac, install the Kingroot APK using the ./adb install command.
If you go the APK route, Kingroot requires a wifi connection. This will expose you to Amazon's OTA updates. You will need to watch your Kindle carefully at this point.
The download with probably download but as long as you don't let it sleep, it should not reboot and install.
Kingroot may take a couple of tries to get root.
As soon as it does, turn off wifi!
After that, open ES file explorer, give it root permissions, then navigate to the root folder, then to cache. Look for a bin file there. If there is nothing, you didn't get the OTA update pushed to you. If you did, delete it. See post 5 in this thread: https://forum.xda-developers.com/kindle-fire-hdx/help/deleting-downloaded-update-t3100573
To prevent any OTA relapses until we can go further, use ES file explorer to rename /system/etc/security/otacerts.zip. I replaces the first o and last p with _ characters.
It should be safe to turn on wifi at this point.
If you deleted a bin file in /cache, you aren't out of the woods yet. The Kindle could still reboot on you and it will give you the red ! but I found booting into recovery then just rebooting the Kindle caused it to work itself out after a couple tries.
We should be good to go for TWRP at this point.
In the terminal type ./adb shell
When the shell opens type su
Grant the shell permissions on the Kindle
Type exit twice.
On a Mac, we cannot run the bat file included in the WindowsAutoTWRP_v03.zip file.
But here are the commands to enter manually:
./adb devices
./adb install gscript-android.apk
./adb shell "mkdir /sdcard/gscript"
./adb push gscript /sdcard/gscript/
./adb shell "cp /sdcard/gscript/flash_453_stay.sh /data/local/tmp/"
./adb shell "ls /data/local/tmp/"
./adb shell "su -c 'chmod 777 /data/local/tmp/flash_453_stay.sh'"
./adb shell "su -c 'sh /data/local/tmp/flash_453_stay.sh'"
Once complete open ES file explorer again
DELETE sdcard/gscripts/s5.4.1_113_stock_recovery_uboot.zip!!!!!!!
It's too easy to mistakenly flash this in TWRP and it WILL brick your kindle.
We will now copy those zip files we downloaded earlier onto the Kindle.
I used the Android file transfer unity to put them in the scripts folder but copying them to Downloads on the Kindle might be easier.
If you are a command line type of person, you can also use the adb push command.
You want to copy over the following:
The 5.3.1.0 file name is update-kindle-20.5.5.2_user_552153420.bin
5.5.2_1534_stock_recovery_uboot.zip
UPDATE-SuperSU-v2.46.zip (or whatever the current version you downloaded is)
make_space_v02.zip
xposed-v87-sdk22-arm.zip (or whatever the version you downloaded is. The version could have changed after I wrote this.)
tk_gapps-modular-pico(uni)-5.1.1-20150920-signed.zip (again, based on what version was available when you downloaded it)
It might be a good time to sideload that extra launcher you downloaded earlier. I didn't need it, but you might.
Again the command is ./adb install <apk file name>
In the terminal, type ./adb reboot recovery.
You *should* end up in TWRP.
These next steps are important to do in one go. Don't exit TWRP until you have installed all the zip files you copied over.
The order in the tutorial thread is the 5.3.1.0 system image, the recovery image, the make_space zip, the Supersu zip, the xposed zip, and the tk_gapps-modular-pico(uni)... zip.
Do all this from the Install menu in TWRP. I did not try to queue up all the zip files at once, I don't know if that would work.
If you forgot to copy a file, TWRP should allow you to copy files via a USB cable to your tablet.
If you do this on a Mac and Android file transfer craps out on you as it did with me, that is where the USB OTG cable comes in handy. But lets hope you copied everything or that the USB connection doesn't crap out on you.
Select the wipe menu, then advanced wipe. Check the cache and dalvik cache. Once done use the back arrow and swath the "swipe to factory reset" slider.
If you are brave, you can just reset and wait through the fire logo.
If you are trying to follow along with the tutorial I linked, reboot while holding volume up to see what recovery you land in. If it's not TWRP, proceed.
When you finally get to Android, you can use ES file explorer as one way to check for root privileges. I'm sure there are others.
I'm no expert, but if you run not problems with the Kindle Fire HD 6 (4th gen) and you started with 5.3.1.1, I can tell you some of the pitfalls I ran into and how I got out of them.
Excellent guide, thanks elementcarbon12!
I'm a total new comer to rooting and getting my hands dirty with android (although I am a long time linux user), and i made it work, and now have a fire hd 6 that I can sort the way I want it!
I did encounter a few problems though, first, I did not do a factory reset /data wipe after the downgrade and ended up in a boot loop. This was easily sorted by using the "adb reboot recovery" command, doing the data wipe/reset and then holding down power for 20 sec.
Everything was smooth sailing again until the reboot out of TWRP after installing the ZIP files. I did the wimps reboot to recovery to make sure I didn't get TWRP, which I didn't, so rebooted to get into android, however I entered a boot loop again. This time a simple hold the power for 20 sec and then turn on worked and the system started it's 'optimization'.
Upon completion, i still had root, although ES and my chosen launcher had gone, so had to reinstall them. No problems there though.
So thank you very much for collection all of the information and links from other pages into this one easy to follow post!
hi guys i have a question I'm on cm11 on fire hd 6 i also have a android backup of 4.5.3 my question is I'm note sure what boot loader i have at one point it did have 5xxx on it but not sure what version can i just side load 5.4.0 and be okay since the stock rom was put back to 4.5.3 thats how i installed cm11 or does it need boot loader from a 5xxx rom

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