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Hello guys, it's nice to be part of this great community. My English are not that good so please be patient with my explanations.
Well , I'm quite desperate here. A friend of mine gave me this phone (Xiaomi Redmi 1) bricked.
First of all the mobile can't boot, it says tool dl image fail. Even worst I can't even select the options in the boot menu, the tool dl image fail appears again. That means the memory is almost empty...
According to my experience the solution was only 1, Flash tools.
But again , I tried the Firmware/Update option of these ROMs: Xiaomi Hongmi WCDMA (HM2013023_images_JHBCNAL5.0_4.2)/ TD (Hongmi_images_HBJ2.02_4.2) - unbrick 5.0 and....NOTHING!
If I choose the download option but the bar reaches only 1% and theen I have this : s_ft_download_fail (4008). I tried the HM2013023_images_JHBCNAH4.0_4.2 but with the same results.
An extra detail is that IF I choose the format option, althought it doesn't complete...my mobile doesn't open after that. In order to be working again, I just have to choose the download option (till the 1%) and the it boots with the above problems.
To be more clear I installed the necessary drivers, I removed them, I installed them again...NOTHING. I changed the USB port, the same results..
An interesting quotation is that if I try to connect the device with a different USB cable that the original, the pc doesn't even recognize it (mobile). Also, I've noticed that the flash tools cannot install these (from the scatter) : Android, Cache, UserData & Fat.
As for the CMW Recovery ... no luck at all. They are all in image format which means, I can not install it.
Any help will be appreciated....althought I'm pretty sure the phone is 99% dead..
Any news?
Scattyyy said:
Hello guys, it's nice to be part of this great community. My English are not that good so please be patient with my explanations.
Well , I'm quite desperate here. A friend of mine gave me this phone (Xiaomi Redmi 1) bricked.
First of all the mobile can't boot, it says tool dl image fail. Even worst I can't even select the options in the boot menu, the tool dl image fail appears again. That means the memory is almost empty...
According to my experience the solution was only 1, Flash tools.
But again , I tried the Firmware/Update option of these ROMs: Xiaomi Hongmi WCDMA (HM2013023_images_JHBCNAL5.0_4.2)/ TD (Hongmi_images_HBJ2.02_4.2) - unbrick 5.0 and....NOTHING!
If I choose the download option but the bar reaches only 1% and theen I have this : s_ft_download_fail (4008). I tried the HM2013023_images_JHBCNAH4.0_4.2 but with the same results.
An extra detail is that IF I choose the format option, althought it doesn't complete...my mobile doesn't open after that. In order to be working again, I just have to choose the download option (till the 1%) and the it boots with the above problems.
To be more clear I installed the necessary drivers, I removed them, I installed them again...NOTHING. I changed the USB port, the same results..
An interesting quotation is that if I try to connect the device with a different USB cable that the original, the pc doesn't even recognize it (mobile). Also, I've noticed that the flash tools cannot install these (from the scatter) : Android, Cache, UserData & Fat.
As for the CMW Recovery ... no luck at all. They are all in image format which means, I can not install it.
Any help will be appreciated....althought I'm pretty sure the phone is 99% dead..
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
any news??
I have the phone (hongmi) bricked too....
when I try to use SP Flash tool after choose the correct rom, i try to fix the firmware and after done 100%(red bar) an error comes out (4032)....
My phone sometimes start (but goes in black screen quickly) often NO.... do you have any information for me? Or some other forum that can I check)
Tnx in advance
hi
i have a deca-core note 4, but when i tried to update some mui or something via the update menu, it just came up with a blue chinese recovery mode after a reboot, so maybe someone can help me out with what to do next?
and if its deca-core(2.1ghz), then it is mediatek, not snapdragon? (i dont see any model numbers on the box)
i also managed to get into the fastboot mode with the white soviet bunny fixing the robot, but which tool should i use next then?
maybe something from here? - https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-4/how-to/guide-redmi-note-4-unlock-bootloader-t3517806
and which tool could i use to check if it's unlocked or not?
and if im already hacking the stuff around, should i already root it somehow then? currently im not even sure what is twrp and all of the other stuff... :s
(and the recovery mode had somekind of big alien head as a logo with some red text below it)
the stock version was also somekind of android 6.0, but can i somehow upgrade it to 7.0 then? (which i actually wanted to achieve via the update menu, but it only downloaded 104MB of mui update... and then crashed...)
thanks
jimmer1 said:
hi
i have a deca-core note 4, but when i tried to update some mui or something via the update menu, it just came up with a blue chinese recovery mode after a reboot, so maybe someone can help me out with what to do next?
and if its deca-core(2.1ghz), then it is mediatek, not snapdragon? (i dont see any model numbers on the box)
i also managed to get into the fastboot mode with the white soviet bunny fixing the robot, but which tool should i use next then?
maybe something from here? - https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-4/how-to/guide-redmi-note-4-unlock-bootloader-t3517806
and which tool could i use to check if it's unlocked or not?
and if im already hacking the stuff around, should i already root it somehow then? currently im not even sure what is twrp and all of the other stuff... :s
(and the recovery mode had somekind of big alien head as a logo with some red text below it)
the stock version was also somekind of android 6.0, but can i somehow upgrade it to 7.0 then? (which i actually wanted to achieve via the update menu, but it only downloaded 104MB of mui update... and then crashed...)
thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Deca core means it's MediaTek which means your phone will never receive Android 7.
Which ROM are you actually trying to install?
it was just doing its own mui update, but then it did not boot anymore after the reboot and now i dont really know what do i need to do next... i did get it to fastboot mode, but i dont know what i need to do next and which files i need etc... (the main recovery mode seems to be in chinese, but i did notice the fastboot button in it... after the big alien head logo with some red text below it...)
how can i check if its unlocked and which recovery version should i go through then?:s
well, seems like it booted back up after i just switched the phone off overnight....
and now it wants to do another mui v9.5.2.0.mbfmifa stable update, 1,4gb.... so how was it even 104mb before...
(update includes global browser v9.5.6 to fix GDPR and FC(04-13), fix security exception(04-13) and fix reboot always after OTA update(04-13)...)
and the current version seems to be android 6.0 MRA58K (2018-02-05) with MUI global 9.5 Stable, 9.5.1.0(mbfmifa)...
but should i even bother with the update then or just use the phone as is?
(i did not see any OEM unlocking menu either, altho i did enable the developer options...)
well, if i would want to root it, then which procedure should i go through? and is there any rooting procedure for Mediatek chip anyway?
jimmer1 said:
well, if i would want to root it, then which procedure should i go through? and is there any rooting procedure for Mediatek chip anyway?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
https://forum.xda-developers.com/redmi-note-4/development/how-to-install-twrp-recovery-root-t3717952
So lets begin.
Your phone is for sure mediatek since its decacore codenamed
NIKEL remember it for future use.
Doing stuff with a mtk device actually harder than a snapdragon(eg. xiaomi redmi note 4 snapdragon) and in my point of view and experience i have had chances of bricking a mtk are more, that doesnt mean that you will brick your device. So if you are ready to take the risk do it. You will be rewarded by being free from thr Miui, having a lot more battery,performance and upgrading to the latest Android 8.1 as well as some great tweaks!( I hate miui lol)
:Basic Info:
P.S.->(MAKE A BACKUP OF EVERYTHING AS YOUR DATA MIGHT BE ERASED IF YOU UNLOCK YOUR BOOTLOADER.)
P.S.2-> (If my explaination is unclear forgive me as its almost 6 months that i erased miui from my phone)
Now for the procedure, go to settings->System->About Phone->Tap Build number 7 times.This will enable developer options.Go again to settings if i recall dev settings are generated before the System. Open Dev settings and scroll a little but, dont touch anything though. Spot a setting that says about OEM unlock,open it. If it says recovery locked its locked,otherwise unlocked.
Now if you want to unlock recovery you should apply for unlock permission here ( http://en.miui.com/unlock). Log in with your mi account read and follow the steps given. You will eventually apply for unlock permission after writing and accepting some stuff. At most you will wait 7 to 14 days till a message containing a code and further steps to unlocking bootloader will be sent to your phone number. You will need a pc for this and downloading miflashtool which you can find going to the page i gave you before. Follow the steps given and pray to god that everything will be fine.
hase 1:
Here comes the hard part:
Flasher Toolkit – TWRP 3.0.2 and ROOT Universal Tool for Redmi Note 4 MTK
The complete and very easy to use tool to flash TWRP Custom Recovery and easily root your Redmi Note 4 MTK phone with a few simple steps. Below you’ll find a short tutorial on how to use this tool.
Latest version of Flasher Toolkit for NIKEL:
ok thanks, i will probably try this when i have some more time, but the last link seems to be missing.
(and cpu-z also says that its mediatek helio x20, 2.11ghz, mt6797)
this phone use mt6739.so i want to flash it the twrp to my phone.i dunno to unlock the bootloader but the twrp file not have for this device.
I just saw this post as I too have a Honor 7S
There is NO TWRP for our device.
The TWRP for the Honor 7A/7C/7X and Honor 7 doesn't work on our device and you got to pay 4 euros to unlock the bootloader before you can even flash TWRP (and there isn't one)
This Device is treble compatible but now I've found out there is zero development and no Devs Interested in it it's a complete and utter waste of time and has gone back into its box, never to be seen again.
hi there, I get this phone recently (because is old) and I created twrp for i,t so here it is, if you want some fun
you can flash it via flashtool on locked bootloader in to boot partition and after that you push twrp.img via adb to internal storage and flash it in to erecovery and recovery slot, and you are good to go
Samuel Ladziansky said:
hi there, I get this phone recently (because is old) and I created twrp for i,t so here it is, if you want some fun
you can flash it via flashtool on locked bootloader in to boot partition and after that you push twrp.img via adb to internal storage and flash it in to erecovery and recovery slot, and you are good to go
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hi I have a problem. I'm having brom issues in trying to flash it
Hi
I thinking you dont have "Authentication file" so you using "mtksecurebootdisabler",
so you need patch your drivers with libusb "patch".
Try this one, for me it works.
So open libusb that you install.
connect your honor7s to the pc with disconnected batery and hold volume down.
in patch option select your usb mtk device "idk how is called" and patch it
after patching reconnect phone and it will works.
usab1oy said:
Hi I have a problem. I'm having brom issues in trying to flash it
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
and little hint
dont flash whole rom if the phone can boot becasue after clean flash "format+download"
you lost log and cust partition because the image files are not secureboot signed and your phone get in to bootloop
and also you lost imei codes so no cellular after that
If you do so
you can fix it in that recovery were I enabled option to format log partition
after you format log to ext4, your phone will boot but without huawei/honor bootanimation
you dont need to worry about cust partition, if you didnt format it it still boot but without bootanimation and you lost some of garbage apps that are in that partition (amazon etc...)
(twrp boots in russian language, idk for now how to change it to boot in english or slovak lanuage (because Im from slovakia) and also it have Lenovo Logo becasuse I use sources from Lenovo A5 that have same cpu)
I will make in future separated thread for this....
Thanks alot for this.. I don't know maybe I should try the disconnected battery. But from a yt link I saw
The link : Honor 7s Dua-Al000
I wonder how his worked
I'll have to know how to disconnect the battery thou. I'm a noob at this.
Samuel Ladziansky said:
Hi
I thinking you dont have "Authentication file" so you using "mtksecurebootdisabler",
so you need patch your drivers with libusb "patch".
Try this one, for me it works.
So open libusb that you install.
connect your honor7s to the pc with disconnected batery and hold volume down.
in patch option select your usb mtk device "idk how is called" and patch it
after patching reconnect phone and it will works.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Sorry for the noob question but after patching with the battery disconnected. When I want to use spflash tools would I still use disconnect the battery to flash the recovery and co.
usab1oy said:
Sorry for the noob question but after patching with the battery disconnected. When I want to use spflash tools would I still use disconnect the battery to flash the recovery and co.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
you can patch it or flash it without disconecting the battery
Here is how:
turn it off
Push and hold volume down
While holding volume down connect usb cable
But is recomended to disconect battery because the phone can boot up instead to go in flash mode.
usab1oy said:
Thanks alot for this.. I don't know maybe I should try the disconnected battery. But from a yt link I saw
The link : Honor 7s Dua-Al000
I wonder how his worked
I'll have to know how to disconnect the battery thou. I'm a noob at this.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well he did with the battery and he add more steps that are not necessary for flashing, like scanning for COM port etc...
When I first try flash my 7s I download flashtool and didn't change any settings, I just load the rom and flash it.
So you must try to find your best way how to do and I will help you
And I wonder how he can flash the Log and Cust partition via flashtool, Maybe he have unlocked bootloader or something
Update: he have in the video description link for "lib usb" but didn't show it in video, or I'm just blind or something
Samuel Ladziansky said:
Well he did with the battery and he add more steps that are not necessary for flashing, like scanning for COM port etc...
When I first try flash my 7s I download flashtool and didn't change any settings, I just load the rom and flash it.
So you must try to find your best way how to do and I will help you
And I wonder how he can flash the Log and Cust partition via flashtool, Maybe he have unlocked bootloader or something
Update: he have in the video description link for "lib usb" but didn't show it in video, or I'm just blind or something
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah. For the flash mode, I wonder why his own he said I need to hold the volume up and down button at the same time. But thanks I'll do it and let you know.
here is version 3 of twrp recovery port
-fixed language form russia to english
-lenovo banner replaced with original TWRP
Samuel Ladziansky said:
here is version 3 of twrp recovery port
-fixed language form russia to english
-lenovo banner replaced with original TWRP
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
At this point. Might just abandon it. Thanks for everything. Ran into laptop issue on my third trial lol.
Yeah I see, drivers issues, it happens to me too, but I install windows 7 and everything works... but I think is not worth it to format your laptop and install win7 only for this mediatek crap, where you can't unlock bootloader or anything because Huawei trying to protect customers and they believe that their android is best for they're phones
Samuel Ladziansky said:
Yeah I see, drivers issues, it happens to me too, but I install windows 7 and everything works... but I think is not worth it to format your laptop and install win7 only for this mediatek crap, where you can't unlock bootloader or anything because Huawei trying to protect customers and they believe that their android is best for they're phones
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Honestly. I spend a whole night researching videos for the phone. Only to get that link I send. And after all that. It still didn't work. Lol. I have a Poco x3 pro. I wonder if snapdragon android 12 can be rooted. Probably going to try it next month or so.
Snapdragon is eazy for root.
I have Redmi note 11 and it was easy, now I running on Android 13 from stock android 11, if you will need some help with something, I'm here, and I think there is device forum so there is community for that device
Hello everyone!
So i've been recently playing with custom roms and I messed up my device shutting it down during a TWRP install (I know how dumb it is and I swore I wouldn't do it again).
My device got bootlooped on the pocophone logo and I could only press the volume down and power button to access a weird black screen (no fastboot, no recovery and not detected by the computer). My last chance was to open it and test points to enter EDL mode (it was almost impossible for me to access it with tweezers). My computer now detects it and I was so happy, MiFlash Tool said my account was bound to my PC so I thought it would work, but I got the message:
Sorry, couldn't flash the device before turning off "Find my Device", and I couldn't find a lot of documentation about that error on the internet.
But how am I supposed to do this considering that I can't even boot my phone ? Or is it just that my account is not authorized, and I need to pay some weird ukrainian guy to posess my computer and work his magic to fix my phone? and how can I contact this kind of guy then?
I have tried doing the same method with Qualcomm Flashing tool QFIL but got the Sahara error. maybe I didn't use the software correctly, I don't really know.
Any help would be very much appreciated, I've been through every website google told me about to fix it, but did not manage to do so.
Thank y'all!
Sorry I didn't read your whole post but I saw you have issues with miflash
Miflash tool has a lot of issues on windows 10
I recommend using vmware with windows 7
Or a computer with windows 7(don't forget to have vcredist 86 and 64 installed)
Superpaupaul said:
Hello everyone!
So i've been recently playing with custom roms and I messed up my device shutting it down during a TWRP install (I know how dumb it is and I swore I wouldn't do it again).
My device got bootlooped on the pocophone logo and I could only press the volume down and power button to access a weird black screen (no fastboot, no recovery and not detected by the computer). My last chance was to open it and test points to enter EDL mode (it was almost impossible for me to access it with tweezers). My computer now detects it and I was so happy, MiFlash Tool said my account was bound to my PC so I thought it would work, but I got the message:
Sorry, couldn't flash the device before turning off "Find my Device", and I couldn't find a lot of documentation about that error on the internet.
But how am I supposed to do this considering that I can't even boot my phone ? Or is it just that my account is not authorized, and I need to pay some weird ukrainian guy to posess my computer and work his magic to fix my phone? and how can I contact this kind of guy then?
I have tried doing the same method with Qualcomm Flashing tool QFIL but got the Sahara error. maybe I didn't use the software correctly, I don't really know.
Any help would be very much appreciated, I've been through every website google told me about to fix it, but did not manage to do so.
Thank y'all!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Flashing through EDL mode requires Authorized Xiaomi account. So if you know a person who can perform flashing in your physical presence, approach him or take the phone to the service center.
Update 2021.01.24: I consider the problem mentioned here as solved, since it can be resolved with MTK Bypass explained in the Guides Section. BE CAREFUL however to ONLY choose "Download Only" from the dropdown box in SP Flashtool! DO NOT select anything with "Format" in it, else you will lose S/N, MACs and IMEIs!
--- Original post ---
Hi, I have hard-bricked my new Realme 6 while trying to root it with Magisk. At the moment I am stuck in a bootloop at the power-on logo (realme in white letters). The boot animation (yellow realme letters) does not appear, instead the phone reboots after ~35 seconds. The bootloader says "Orange State".
I can NOT enter fastboot nor recovery mode by any key combination. Holding Power and Vol- makes the string RECOVERY MODE appear for a split second in the lower left part of the screen, however nothing happens afterwards.
I can power down by holding Power and Vol+ an releasing them immediately after the screen goes blank.
Holding Vol- and Vol+ while the phone is off and connecting USB makes a USB serial device appear on a windows machine for about 1-2 seconds before it disappears again.
I am very thankful for any hints on how to unbrick the device.
Here's what I have done in detail to mess up the phone:
1. OTA-Update to the latest OS in my region (EU11.A.48)
2. Unlocked the bootloader with the realme In-depth Test app (everything fine so far)
3. Download stock firmware RMX2001EU_11.A.48 ozip from realmeupdater.com
4. Unzipped with gnu unzip (content was readable, no extra decrytion tool for the ozip needed?) and extracted boot.img
5. Installed Magisk Manager and uploaded boot.img to the phone
6. Patched boot.img with Magisk Manager (and if I remeber correctly DIDN'T UNCHECK Preserve AVB 2.0/dm-verity)
7. Certainly FORGOT to do anything with vbmeta.img
8. Did NOT erase cache and userdata
9. Flashed patched boot.img directly and WITHOUT --disable-verity or --disable-verification
10. Rebooted the phone.
Am I correct that my problem is the AVB/dm-verity part?
Why does the modified boot.img affect the recovery (I thought they were seperate)
Can I try something with SP Flashtool?
I do have a second intact device that I didn't dare to touch yet, if that helps resolving the issue (e.g. for SP Flashtool readbacks).
As said any advice is highly welcome. Please ask I you need any more information to help.
I did that too... Magisk patched boot .img process of rooting is the risky process , I bricked my device, got it into red state.. tried thick and thin to revive using various flash tools, unable to do it, finally went to a shop , got it fixed, go-to a good repair shop, if you go to the service center, they will say replace motherboard for 5 k , I hope it helps, do traditional unlock bootloader TWRP recovery then flashing Magisk zip method for rooting process.
Thank you for sharing! But doesn't red state mean locked BL plus non-stock firmware? I wish I could find any repair shop during this Corona lockdown... May I ask how much they charged you for having the phone reflashed?
cmfan said:
Thank you for sharing! But doesn't red state mean locked BL plus non-stock firmware? I wish I could find any repair shop during this Corona lockdown... May I ask how much they charged you for having the phone reflashed?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, you are right , red state means that, I guess bcoz, I may have formatted it and ran again unlocked bootloader but it showed unlocking failed, but I thought that I had previously unlocked it so it should be unlocked but I forgot to do that app thing process of deep test again, and I was on Android 10 latest and patched boot img of previous version using magisk, now I understand what mistake I made, I should have used boot IMG of current version of a 10 , but still I am afraid of doing this magisk method of rooting by patching boot IMG bcoz repair cost me 800/- , and I found out on YT that the latest version of a 10 of my device doesn't readily allows twrp and flashing zip of magisk.... Plus there are half baked info on important things, this is new device for me, I have had rooted Samsung and Lenovo, but rooting this is kind of tricky, bcoz it's still new, I think.... Want to try .... But I m afraid.... Tried fastboot method of TWRP flashing but can't replace stock room, so I guess I can't root .....
Well, there is a tutorial on how to root here on XDA, and seems to be confirmed working. I just didn't know about the vbmeta part from earlier Android versions. Haven't you tried that?
cmfan said:
Well, there is a tutorial on how to root here on XDA, and seems to be confirmed working. I just didn't know about the vbmeta part from earlier Android versions. Haven't you tried that?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thnx man, I have rmx 1825 , but the process would be same for my device, I would have to search for it...
cmfan said:
Thank you for sharing! But doesn't red state mean locked BL plus non-stock firmware? I wish I could find any repair shop during this Corona lockdown... May I ask how much they charged you for having the phone reflashed?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hello, please check my reply to your reply on my thread. BROM mode is as known as "Emergency Mode" and should not be inaccessible. I will once again request you to try different key combinations and also if it's detecting as fastboot, ADB or Fastboot commands should be available. Please try typing adb reboot or fastboot reboot with minimal ADB and fastboot tools and let me know. If you want to personally message me, message my telegram. I will try helping you there.
Why is this thread showing solved !!! It's nothing solved here... Pls check and confirm
daeSundae said:
Hello, please check my reply to your reply on my thread. BROM mode is as known as "Emergency Mode" and should not be inaccessible. I will once again request you to try different key combinations and also if it's detecting as fastboot, ADB or Fastboot commands should be available. Please try typing adb reboot or fastboot reboot with minimal ADB and fastboot tools and let me know. If you want to personally message me, message my telegram. I will try helping you there.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think there is no Emergency Download Mode in Realme devices.. pls guide ...
Ank Sak said:
Why is this thread showing solved !!! It's nothing solved here... Pls check and confirm
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hello. Please follow this guide.
Repair DEAD(HARD BRICKED) Realme 3 | 3i Tutorial
In this tutorial we are going to Repair Realme 3 (RMX1821) MT6771 Chipset. from being hard bricked (no charge, no recovery, no fastboot) using SP Flashtool. with the help of Bypass Utility "MTK-bypass" to disable bootrom protection(sla and daa)...
forum.xda-developers.com
daeSundae said:
Hello. Please follow this guide.
Repair DEAD(HARD BRICKED) Realme 3 | 3i Tutorial
In this tutorial we are going to Repair Realme 3 (RMX1821) MT6771 Chipset. from being hard bricked (no charge, no recovery, no fastboot) using SP Flashtool. with the help of Bypass Utility "MTK-bypass" to disable bootrom protection(sla and daa)...
forum.xda-developers.com
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thnx that's a life saver, I am afraid to go forward with the device, this is promising, I will try, I found out that the new version c17 os Android 10 I am unable to root by twrp magisk zip flashing method, twrp isn't installing, there's an .ofp extracter, but it gives virus with software, unable to do, even talked on WhatsApp and gave him Gmail id, will try this method , I wanted the SP flash tool method, it's simple and can readily restore the stock rom... Thnx Sundae.. daesundae ... What kind of name is that...?? .. chuckles...
Ank Sak said:
Why is this thread showing solved !!! It's nothing solved here... Pls check and confirm
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This thread is about a Realme 6 (RMX2001 in my case). I've edited the very first post to immediately show the solution. Please check there or follow daeSundae's guide if you have a different device.
cmfan said:
This thread is about a Realme 6 (RMX2001 in my case). I've edited the very first post to immediately show the solution. Please check there or follow daeSundae's guide if you have a different device.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I saw everything that You posted, incidentally the YouTube video on this is on rmx1825 , thnx, whatever you posted it helped..