I'm currently on Android 12 with unlocked bootloader and magisk root. This is a cph2417 model. My phone says I'm 70 days out on the update. When the update first came out I saw a bunch of comments saying not to take it but I haven't see much lately.
Has anyone had any success going to 13 and keeping root (if so, how)? Should I stay on 12?
I ended up flashing the full update from an app taken from oxygen updater, and that lost me root, but I just re-rooted right after using same direct install method. I think I kept all my modules, but I could be wrong. It is possible to keep root if you use the app from oxygen updater, I think it's called myapplication2, and then before clicking reboot after update finishes, you go to magisk and install to inactive slot. Then go back to app and reboot.
HutchOven said:
I'm currently on Android 12 with unlocked bootloader and magisk root. This is a cph2417 model. My phone says I'm 70 days out on the update. When the update first came out I saw a bunch of comments saying not to take it but I haven't see much lately.
Has anyone had any success going to 13 and keeping root (if so, how)? Should I stay on 12?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah...
If you use the built-in update method via the settings app, the phone reboots automatically before you can re-root via magisk. Then, you must use fastboot to get root back.
However, you can avoid this if you:
Use Oxygen Updater app to download the update.
Use one of OP's local update apps (see below)
BEFORE REBOOTING, use the Magisk App to flash Magisk to the inactive slot.
Reboot.
The following is pulled from the instructions within Oxygen Updater:
"If the system's built-in “Local install” feature doesn't work for whatever reason, or if you're on global/NA firmware, you'll need to use OnePlus' separate app. Choose any, they're all developed & provided by OnePlus:
• https://oxygenos.oneplus.net/OPLocalUpdate_For_Android.apk
• https://oxygenos.oneplus.net/OPLocalUpdate_For_Android12.apk
• https://oxygenos.oneplus.net/OnePlus_tools.apk
• https://oxygenos.oneplus.net/English_20220225101104.apk
• https://oxygenos.oneplus.net/outputbTGjgm62UO_20220218143830.apk"
JPower123 said:
I ended up..
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
notorious.dds said:
Yeah...
• ttps://oxygenos.oneplus.net/OPLocalUpdate_For_Android12.apk
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you both, I got it to work. Here's what I did for anyone else.
1.Downloaded Oxygen updated from play store.
2. Downloaded the incremental update
3. Used 2nd link above to download the oxygen system update app and changed name to apk (delete .zip and the end) and installed.
4. Used that app to install the update
5. Once installed, before reboot I went to magisk and installed to inactive slot.
6. Reboot and good to go.
Related
EDIT: Turns out the root was not the problem. It was the developer edition firmware. I flashed the new firmware from the OTA update separately and now I'm booting fine.
If you have this exact problem, unbrick instructions here:
Try using Phone Flash Tool from the Dell site, and this zip:
https://mega.co.nz/#!Vgw1CTYT!y1_tSTCMmzrhJSQy0lxwY59iyRhdJovC-IDMF25PB4k
It's the new boot firmware binaries packed in the developer edition firmware zip with the xml changed to point to the new files.
For the flashing process of this zip, start with the tablet completely off and disconnected, then in Phone Flash Tool, load the zip file, click "Start to flash" (the button near the bottom should be blue/clickable), then once it's counting attempts (attempt #0, attempt #1, etc.) then connect USB. It should proceed to flash.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
ORIGINAL POST:I just received the Lollipop OTA, and I installed it. I did not remove my Superuser installation or my Busybox installation first. Now I am bootlooping.
So, take this as a warning, do not install the OTA if you have modified your system.
Now I am going to try to find a way to fix this...
xBIGREDDx said:
I just received the Lollipop OTA, and I installed it. I did not remove my Superuser installation or my Busybox installation first. Now I am bootlooping.
So, take this as a warning, do not install the OTA if you have modified your system.
Now I am going to try to find a way to fix this...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, yeah anytime a update via OTA is available unroot and revert the device to stock, the update is designed to go over a stock tablet.
vampirefo said:
Well, yeah anytime a update via OTA is available unroot and revert the device to stock, the update is designed to go over a stock tablet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What is the process to unroot on our device?
Install es file explorer or root explorer.
Grant root access to the app.
in es you need to enable root explorer in the settings menu.
Go to
Code:
/system/bin
delete su (mine was not locate in here)
/system/xbin
delete su (mine was here)
/system/app/Superuser.apk delete this
SuperSu has a selection of uninstall options in the app's menus.
vampirefo said:
Well, yeah anytime a update via OTA is available unroot and revert the device to stock, the update is designed to go over a stock tablet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I've applied plenty of OTAs in the past to other devices on top of rooted systems, and never had a problem as bad as bootlooping.
(Not saying it's not my fault, as I knew there was a risk, I guess I was just running on a series of good luck, or maybe other companies write better OTA pre-checking features.)
good you mentioned this
supersu - complete unroot - update worked
i forgot to uninstall xposed - modifications where gone after reboot (batterie percentage etc. from gravitybox)
has anyone tried rooting after update? could the kitkat method work?
kage69 said:
good you mentioned this
supersu - complete unroot - update worked
i forgot to uninstall xposed - modifications where gone after reboot (batterie percentage etc. from gravitybox)
has anyone tried rooting after update? could the kitkat method work?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's hard to say, as lollipop was just released, only you guys with lollipop can test and see.
Neither SDC nor myself have lollipop so we can't test.
sent from my kingSing T1 via taptalk
On mine, I forgot to un-root with no issues, but it defaults to encrypting the tablet and now I can't re-root.
Hmm, I also had the developer firmware installed from their opensource site; maybe that's it? The only other thing would have been Busybox, I think...
EDIT: HEY IT WORKS! I just pulled the firmware binaries out of the update.zip, and flashed with xfstk-downloader, and now I'm on the Encrypting screen! Thanks!
old root method dont work :crying:
kage69 said:
old root method dont work :crying:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well you tried, did you get an error? Can you give more details?
sent from my kingSing T1 via taptalk
xBIGREDDx said:
EDIT: Turns out the root was not the problem. It was the developer edition firmware. I flashed the new firmware from the OTA update separately and now I'm booting fine.
ORIGINAL POST:I just received the Lollipop OTA, and I installed it. I did not remove my Superuser installation or my Busybox installation first. Now I am bootlooping.
So, take this as a warning, do not install the OTA if you have modified your system.
Now I am going to try to find a way to fix this...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Will the same rooting procedure work fine after you have upgraded to Lollipop on the 7840? Wanted to try but not sure if everything will work. Also since i'm on a Mac the .bat file doesn't run out of the box...
ely105 said:
Will the same rooting procedure work fine after you have upgraded to Lollipop on the 7840? Wanted to try but not sure if everything will work. Also since i'm on a Mac the .bat file doesn't run out of the box...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
@kage69 says no, only you guys with lollipop can confirm or deny if root works or not.
sent from my kingSing T1 via taptalk
the tool flashes temp cwm but the tab dont boot to recovery
stays in bootloader where you can choose boot normal, power down and recovery
choosing recovery boots to stock recovery
there were errors while flashing, ill post them tomorrow
reading a book in bed on my lollipopped tab now
hope we can root it again, need that for customizations and airaudio
see u tomorrow
So how were you able to flash after bootlooping the first time when you tried to update with root? I cannot get into the bootloader or anything :silly:
Does any one have the ota so I can patch the stock firmware to investigate rooting it?
might be stored in cache i think
cant get to that without root
kage69 said:
might be stored in cache i think
cant get to that without root
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah I we hoping someone captured it before updating
xBIGREDDx said:
Hmm, I also had the developer firmware installed from their opensource site; maybe that's it? The only other thing would have been Busybox, I think...
EDIT: HEY IT WORKS! I just pulled the firmware binaries out of the update.zip, and flashed with xfstk-downloader, and now I'm on the Encrypting screen! Thanks!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Exactly which binaries did you flash back? In the zip I see:
dnx_fwr_ann_a0-mofd_v1.bin
dnx_fwr_ann_a0-mofd_v1-DBG.bin
dnx_fwr_blackburn_preqs_preqs.bin
dnx_fwr_blackburn_qs_qs.bin
dnx_fwr_preqs.bin
dnx_fwr_qs.bin
ifwi_ann_a0-mofd_v1.bin
ifwi_ann_a0-mofd_v1-DBG.bin
ifwi_preqs.bin
ifwi_qs.bin
Hello everybody,
There has been an confusing about the in-build root of LineAgeOS. Wether is is there or not. Well it's only available for ADB. Anyway, I have been browsing the web for a solution and I've come across this site from the Lineage Team that let you download a add-on for Lineage that enables the built-in root.
NOTE THAT THIS IS NOT CHAINFIRE'S SUPERSU ZIP.
If you want SUPERSU go to this link:
https://forum.xda-developers.com/apps/supersu/2014-09-02-supersu-v2-05-t2868133
So I'm not gonna hold you any further.
Here is the link to the site.
DOWNLOAD:
https://download.lineageos.org/extras
Have fun with Root on your unofficial Lineage ROMs and Lineage based ROMs:good:
Greetings,
Paulo
Another method to get root access is Magisk. I think the system-less root will work nicely with app like Snapchat.
serdotlinecho said:
Another method to get root access is Magisk. I think the system-less root will work nicely with app like Snapchat.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thats very true. Thanks for the tip:good:
is there a root script i can use for verizon lg g3 for LOS root? supersu binary update caused my handset to lose root and will only bootloop now. :good: in advance
Why-Fi said:
is there a root script i can use for verizon lg g3 for LOS root? supersu binary update caused my handset to lose root and will only bootloop now. :good: in advance
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Do a full unroot in SuperSU, it will reboot automatically, just in case reboot again, then install the Root add-on with TRWP or any custom recovery.
Report back if it works:good:
Why-Fi said:
is there a root script i can use for verizon lg g3 for LOS root? supersu binary update caused my handset to lose root and will only bootloop now. :good: in advance
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That's no even related to J5 or this addon!
Try Magisk or phh's SuperUser.
American_Jesus said:
That's no even related to J5 or this addon!
Try Magisk or phh's SuperUser.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
This thread is not only for J5. I made this so that everyone could see it.
paulo boë said:
This thread is not only for J5. I made this so that everyone could see it.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i really appreciate it. i've been getting sideways comments from quite a few individuals concerning this. to elaborate, since the binary update i have absolutely no access to my handset other than with adb shell via a program developed for lg g3 called dp root. the program does not detect root, and since i am boot looping into a lineage os based rom, i figured i would stay away from supersu, since that is the problem. i have to run script into the adb shell to force root. that is the only w ay i will be able to gain root. i cannot boot into recovery since my root got lost. the shell detects the vs985 and also detects android 7.1.1. the rom is octN, which is LOS based.
and to the individual that got nasty because i don't have a j5, i have been trying for days now to find a solution, and if this was j5 specific, which i saw that it was not, i would have looked elsewhere so as to avoid offending anyone for posting on the "wrong thread".
Like magisk hide, iSU can disable or hide the cm-su. Should work with app like Snapchat and Pokemon Go.
Why-Fi said:
i really appreciate it. i've been getting sideways comments from quite a few individuals concerning this. to elaborate, since the binary update i have absolutely no access to my handset other than with adb shell via a program developed for lg g3 called dp root. the program does not detect root, and since i am boot looping into a lineage os based rom, i figured i would stay away from supersu, since that is the problem. i have to run script into the adb shell to force root. that is the only w ay i will be able to gain root. i cannot boot into recovery since my root got lost. the shell detects the vs985 and also detects android 7.1.1. the rom is octN, which is LOS based.
and to the individual that got nasty because i don't have a j5, i have been trying for days now to find a solution, and if this was j5 specific, which i saw that it was not, i would have looked elsewhere so as to avoid offending anyone for posting on the "wrong thread".
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I guess that is a no that it didnt work Cant you at all boot into recovery?
paulo boë said:
I guess that is a no that it didnt work Cant you at all boot into recovery?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
no I can't. all I can get is:
1. firmware update screen but the code says it is a g2
or
2.official stock recovery, where, from there it would boot into recovery from factory data reset, but it bypasses that and goes to lg splash screen then boot loop for octos boot screen.
is there a way to bump with adb shell?
here is exactly what happened...
The actions that led to the boot loop were as follows:
1. clean install of rom, gapps, supersu, mr. bump through twrp (clean as in wipe system, data, cache, dalvik)
2. installed all apps backed up to google account through playstore.
3. reset all permissions.
4. verified root and busybox install through root checker app.
5. root checker suggested installation of supersu app for proper functionality
6. installed supersu pro via playstore
7. supersu pro notified of a binary update requirement, binary was updated.
8. reboot from update led to boot loop.
I believe that updating the binary through the supersu pro app without bump caused loss of root, hence the inability to access recovery. I have tried to return to stock with lg software via .tot method. The software doesn't recognize the device. It does recognize a device i have with a bad esn, so the drivers are correct. I can put the device in download mode, but the id that it gives for the device in the box at the bottom of the screen is consistent with lg g2.
I have adb shell access to the device, which is recognized as vs985 with Android 7.1.1., no root detected (dp root lg g3). What i don't have is working knowledge of adb commands and scripts.
I have posted on the supersu thread as well, but as of yet, no one has helped. I get the same "wrong thread go post somewhere else." I figured I might be able to force los root, since it doesn't need bump. I just don't know scripts and can't find any that I would be able to use.
Why-Fi said:
no I can't. all I can get is:
1. firmware update screen but the code says it is a g2
or
2.official stock recovery, where, from there it would boot into recovery from factory data reset, but it bypasses that and goes to lg splash screen then boot loop for octos boot screen.
is there a way to bump with adb shell?
here is exactly what happened...
The actions that led to the boot loop were as follows:
1. clean install of rom, gapps, supersu, mr. bump through twrp (clean as in wipe system, data, cache, dalvik)
2. installed all apps backed up to google account through playstore.
3. reset all permissions.
4. verified root and busybox install through root checker app.
5. root checker suggested installation of supersu app for proper functionality
6. installed supersu pro via playstore
7. supersu pro notified of a binary update requirement, binary was updated.
8. reboot from update led to boot loop.
I believe that updating the binary through the supersu pro app without bump caused loss of root, hence the inability to access recovery. I have tried to return to stock with lg software via .tot method. The software doesn't recognize the device. It does recognize a device i have with a bad esn, so the drivers are correct. I can put the device in download mode, but the id that it gives for the device in the box at the bottom of the screen is consistent with lg g2.
I have adb shell access to the device, which is recognized as vs985 with Android 7.1.1., no root detected (dp root lg g3). What i don't have is working knowledge of adb commands and scripts.
I have posted on the supersu thread as well, but as of yet, no one has helped. I get the same "wrong thread go post somewhere else." I figured I might be able to force los root, since it doesn't need bump. I just don't know scripts and can't find any that I would be able to use.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Im sorry to disappoint you. But I cannot find any scripts or anything actually to help you. Im not new to all of this but im still learning. I have been searching Google for a couple of hours but i have found nothing concerning your problem.
paulo boë said:
Im sorry to disappoint you. But I cannot find any scripts or anything actually to help you. Im not new to all of this but im still learning. I have been searching Google for a couple of hours but i have found nothing concerning your problem.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
that in itself is a big help. thank you. it means a lot. have a good one, brother.
Why-Fi said:
that in itself is a big help. thank you. it means a lot. have a good one, brother.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks, you too:good:
paulo boë said:
Thanks, you too:good:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
thanks for sharing.
this root addon has no user interface.
we cannot manage the apps which can be root granted/denied in later stages once u tick remember in the pop up
@paulo boë do you have any suggestion or idea how to get a manager or UI for CM root.
reversegear said:
thanks for sharing.
this root addon has no user interface.
we cannot manage the apps which can be root granted/denied in later stages once u tick remember in the pop up
@paulo boë do you have any suggestion or idea how to get a manager or UI for CM root.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Isnt there in the developer options an option to manage root? Otherwise i have no idea how to manage.
paulo boë said:
Isnt there in the developer options an option to manage root? Otherwise i have no idea how to manage.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm using RR nougat
Root options not available in developers option...
Anyway I'll search for something which does the job. I'll let u know if I find something
serdotlinecho said:
Another method to get root access is Magisk. I think the system-less root will work nicely with app like Snapchat.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
pretty much I get same result on Magisk since if I need to bypass root check I just need to disable in built root or Magisk, since Magisk doesent pass Safety net.
has anyone lost root updating to current this month? i know my v10 became an ad filled, stock navbar, paper weight after it's last forced update.
I'm curious about this as well.
I finally got around to rooting my Stylo 3 Plus for the first time over the weekend, after closely following the developments in this forum for the past 6 months. It took a lot of trial and error and reflashing of TWRP before I got the timing down right, but I finally got it rooted (using Magisk 15.2).
And of course, luck would have it that within a few hours of my rooting success, a new system update notification (which I had never heard of until now!), pops up and asks me to restart to install it. I am using Titanium Backup to force stop the particular Google service involved, which makes the notification go away and I can reboot without it upgrading. But it always come back within 24 hours or so.
Has anyone installed this update yet (MP45010f) and successfully re-rooted? I'm currently using Magisk 15.2 with systemless hosts, Ad-Away, and Xposed with Greenify & MinMinGuard enabled. I would welcome any advice on how to proceed after the update to restore root and continue using Ad-Away, Xposed, etc. Or even how to disable the update notification for good so I can stay on MP45010e a while longer.
eliaslear said:
has anyone lost root updating to current this month?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I Installed the 10f update.
On the download page the date was listed as March something.
While updating with LG Bridge, it was listed as Feb 22.
After it was installed (update 10f for LGMP450) the security patch date was listed as Feb 01.
I rooted and installed TWRP (and removed RCTD). Everything seems fine.
I am reverting back to my old install. Because i have made a million little tweaks, that would take forever to redo on a new install. I just wanted to see if everything still works (and it appears it does).
PS - The first time i updated this phone (back around Oct2017) the LG Bridge erased my SD storage. This time it left all of my installed apps in place. Also, this appears to simply be a google security update. No firmware changes from LG.
I thought a system update wouldn't happen if youv done rooted your phone the only way back on the day was to reflash stock ROM to get the update
Esin8785 said:
I thought a system update wouldn't happen if youv done rooted your phone the only way back on the day was to reflash stock ROM to get the update
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
yeah thats what i did was revert back to stock so u can update then i update it then re rooted my phone
if you update using the LG Bridge computer program, it will update a rooted phone. but you will need to reroot afterward.
joetbd said:
I Installed the 10f update.
On the download page the date was listed as March something.
While updating with LG Bridge, it was listed as Feb 22.
After it was installed (update 10f for LGMP450) the security patch date was listed as Feb 01.
I rooted and installed TWRP (and removed RCTD). Everything seems fine.
I am reverting back to my old install. Because i have made a million little tweaks, that would take forever to redo on a new install. I just wanted to see if everything still works (and it appears it does).
PS - The first time i updated this phone (back around Oct2017) the LG Bridge erased my SD storage. This time it left all of my installed apps in place. Also, this appears to simply be a google security update. No firmware changes from LG.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for testing this out. If you don't mind me asking, which method do you use to root? And do you also use Xposed?
To anyone else who might know, does everything Magisk- or Xposed-related get removed by the security updates (frameworks, modules, configs, etc)? Just trying to get an idea how many of my modules I should expect to reinstall and configure from scratch if I decide to update from 10e to 10f.
---------- Post added at 05:52 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:50 PM ----------
Esin8785 said:
I thought a system update wouldn't happen if youv done rooted your phone the only way back on the day was to reflash stock ROM to get the update
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yeah, I thought this was kind of weird too. I've never used LG Bridge to update. The notification just appeared on my phone shortly after rooting.
Is Xposed only for Magisk or can it be used on the rom, if so can I get a link to how to do so
LG Bridge
DM.IDOL said:
root?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Im using Magisk 16.1 (no Xposed) and TWRP 3.2.1
I have not run into any issues.
It appears to simply be a security patch update.
I doubt it should cause any new headaches.
The original method still works to reroot and reinstall TWRP.
Using the LG Bridge program is about as easy as an update can be. You install it on your computer, plug your phone into the computer, and click "update" on the computer program. Its all automatic.
Currently rooted and on 5.2.7.3 but having issue with single sign on apps not working as well and NBC.
NBC saying that I need the latest software.
I unblocked the updates and let it do a system update, and rebooted and then it tries to get 5.2.7.4.
So it is updated as much as it can be as far as I know.
I think I can use TWRP to flash 5.2.7.4 and then magisk and still remain rooted if I read that correctly.
I just can't find this OS anywhere.
Can someone please help..??
mytunes said:
Currently rooted and on 5.2.7.3 but having issue with single sign on apps not working as well and NBC.
NBC saying that I need the latest software.
I unblocked the updates and let it do a system update, and rebooted and then it tries to get 5.2.7.4.
So it is updated as much as it can be as far as I know.
I think I can use TWRP to flash 5.2.7.4 and then magisk and still remain rooted if I read that correctly.
I just can't find this OS anywhere.
Can someone please help..??
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
If you unblocked the updates, the ota updater should download the update (bin) file to the box.
Wait until the update app says that the download is 100% ready, reboot into TWRP and take a look at cache partition for the bin file (with TWRP file manager).
PS: If you flash that update, root is probably gone, maybe you brick the box...
Sus_i said:
If you unblocked the updates, the ota updater should download the update (bin) file to the box.
Wait until the update app says that the download is 100% ready, reboot into TWRP and take a look at cache partition for the bin file (with TWRP file manager).
PS: If you flash that update, root is probably gone, maybe you brick the box...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you!
And maybe i'll wait for the prerooted version LOL
longtime Nexus / Pixel owner, and sometime in the last several months on this P6 ( or possibly since the beginning of this phone?), my OTA's are failing. They hit the 'resume when phone isn't being used screen', but despite swipe closing apps, laying the phone flat and untouched, plugging in charger, nothing will get the OTA update to continue.
I am rooted, otherwise vanilla A13, but this goes back to A12 versions too.
I am forced to sideload updates each month.
Not sure what's blocking the updates.
Anyone else having this experience?
deusfaux said:
longtime Nexus / Pixel owner, and sometime in the last several months on this P6 ( or possibly since the beginning of this phone?), my OTA's are failing. They hit the 'resume when phone isn't being used screen', but despite swipe closing apps, laying the phone flat and untouched, plugging in charger, nothing will get the OTA update to continue.
I am rooted, otherwise vanilla A13, but this goes back to A12 versions too.
I am forced to sideload updates each month.
Not sure what's blocking the updates.
Anyone else having this experience?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You're rooted so you're failing the pr-OTA block verifications, thus the OTA is failing, is the likely scenario.
Is that a feature newer to later Pixels or Android versions? Didn't have that issue in the past. Maybe the difference is I could still download and *attempt* to install an OTA even b4 removing root, but now it checks in advance before even downloading? Next OTA I'll test this theory and remove root b4 even starting the download.
deusfaux said:
Is that a feature newer to later Pixels or Android versions? Didn't have that issue in the past. Maybe the difference is I could still download and *attempt* to install an OTA even b4 removing root, but now it checks in advance before even downloading? Next OTA I'll test this theory and remove root b4 even starting the download.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I normally manually flash updates with fastboot.
Only use OTA update on one or two devices.
You have to restore the original boot image.
Run the update and patch the new boot image with Magisk.
Normally the steps are something like this.
1. Open the Magisk app and restore images.
--- Do not reboot ---
2. Open the OTA Updater
- Download and install the OTA -
--- Do not reboot to continue ---
3. Open the Magisk app and install to inactive slot (after OTA).
4. Switch back to the OTA updater and select reboot to continue.
Cheers.
You could use PixelFlasher to make the process a little easier If you don't want to do everything manually each month.